Thematic Policy Briefs (English)

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Crop Diversification, Household Nutrition, and Child Growth: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Tesfaye, Wondimagegn Mesfin
Recently, there is a resurgence of interest in crop diversification as a strategy to deal with a variety of issues, including malnutrition in the context of a changing climate and poorly developed markets. However, the empirical evidence base to justify this policy position is thin. This research seeks to contribute to the growing literature and the policy discourse by providing empirical evidence on the impact of crop diversification on child growth using panel survey data, combined with historical weather data. The study finds that crop diversification has a positive but small impact on child growth. Results from analysis of heterogeneous effects POLICY BRIEF Crop Diversification, Household Nutrition, and Child Growth: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia Wondimagegn Mesfin Tesfaye October 2023 / No.795 2 Policy Brief No.795 show that the positive effects are more pronounced in areas with limited access to markets. The study demonstrates that the positive effects of crop diversification on child growth could be mediated through its positive impacts on household diet diversity, diet quality, and income.
Water Use and Agricultural Productivity Growth in sub Saharan Africa
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Yannick, Djoumessi Fosso; Bergaly, Kamdem Cyrille
Today, we are confronted with one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century: meeting the increasing needs of the population while reducing the damage caused by agriculture to the natural resources, namely water and land. To date, the empirical literature on the estimation of productivity in agriculture, has disregarded water as an input. Given that it constitutes a necessary input, then its efficient use becomes a prerequisite condition. The main objective of this study was to investigate productivity growth in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, considering water as an input. The Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) POLICY BRIEF Water Use and Agricultural Productivity Growth in sub Saharan Africa Djoumessi Fosso Yannick and Kamdem Cyrille Bergaly October 2023 / No.794 2 Policy Brief No.794 was used to estimate the agricultural production function incorporating water as an input and to derive the total factor productivity (TFP) using a sample of 19 countries for the period 1991–2014. The results of the SFA model showed that the classical coefficients of the production function, including water endowment as an input, have a significant and positive impact on agricultural production growth after correction for the potential endogeneity bias. The average growth rate of TFP considering water as an input was estimated at 0.045% per year for the full sample period, a figure considerably lower than classical TFP estimated at an average rate of 1% per year. For the period 1991–2001, the rate was negative and estimated at -0.44% and 0.36% for the period 2002–2012. The higher performance in 2002–2012 may be due to the significant adoption of good agricultural practices along with technological advances that allowed for saving water (between -0.08% and -0.05% on average per year). Therefore, it would be advisable to focus more on good practices in water saving which are key to an efficient use of water in agriculture
Explaining Food Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Governance and Institutions
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Gafa, Dede; Chachu, Daniel
The burgeoning literature on global food (in)security suggests that sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is lagging the rest of the world despite a period of decline in the prevalence of severe undernourishment. Using panel data covering 34 countries in the region for the period 2000 to 2015, this study examined the correlates and causes of food insecurity in SSA with emphasis on the role of domestic food production, governance, and institutions. The report also provides evidence on the mediating role of governance by examining how the quality of governance and institutions influence the effectiveness of domestic food production on food insecurity in the region. The POLICY BRIEF Explaining Food Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Governance and Institutions Dede Gafa and Daniel Chachu October 2023 / No.797 2 Policy Brief No.797 paper uses an instrumental variable strategy. The findings suggest that domestic food production and improvements in governance quality, measured by economic freedom and government effectiveness, are fundamental drivers of food security in SSA. We also found that improving the quality of governance would enable countries to better translate domestic food production to reductions in the depth of food deficit and the prevalence of undernourishment. Nonetheless, in the absence of adequate domestic food production, governance reforms alone would be impotent in fostering food security in SSA. The paper further suggests that finding the right balance between State interventionism and market oriented policy reforms is essential to promote food security among African countries
The Impact of Conflict on Child Health Outcomes: Micro-level evidence from Nigeria
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Oyinlola, Mutiu A.; Adeniyi, Oluwatosin; Adedeji, Abdulfatai A.; Lipede, Omolola M.
Globally, the prevalence of conflicts has taken different dimensions due to exposure to different forms of conflict. Also, extant studies have linked conflict with health outcomes. However, comprehensive information on different conflict types remaining a major challenge faced by existing studies. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of conflicts on child well-being in Nigeria. To achieve the goal, it classified the conflicts into three categories: aggregate, insurgency/terrorism, and herdsmen/farmers’ conflict. Furthermore, robust data are used by exploring four DHS waves (2003, 2008, POLICY BRIEF The Impact of Conflict on Child Health Outcomes: Micro-level evidence from Nigeria Mutiu A. Oyinlola, Oluwatosin Adeniyi, Abdulfatai A. Adedeji and Omolola M. Lipede October 2023 / No.792 2 Policy Brief No.792 2013, and 2018) and integrating three conflict data sets using the MELTT technique. We present three steps of analysis for conflicts and child well-being based on this robust information. The impact of aggregate conflicts on child health outcomes, mechanisms, and across different groups was first investigated. Second, the impact of insurgency/terrorism on child health outcomes, mechanisms, and across different groups was examined. Third, the impact of herdsmen/farmers' conflict on child health outcomes, mechanisms, and across various groups was investigated. The result of a difference-in-difference approach suggest that proximity and exposure to different types of conflict worsened child health outcomes (infant mortality, height-for-age z-score, weight-for-age z-score and weight-for-heigh z-score). Also, vaccination, hospital visitation, and mother’s education are significantly affected by conflict types. Proximity and exposure to different conflict types forced people to migrate to less conflict-affected areas.
Identification and Estimation of Quadratic Food Engel Curves: Evidence from Cameroon
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Wirba, Ebenezer Lemven
In this paper we estimate quadratic food Engel curves using data from the 2001, 2007 and 2014 Cameroon household consumption surveys. To address potential mismeasurement of regressors, we employ the heteroscedasticity based identification strategy. Exploratory non-parametric analyses suggest quadratic forms for the food Engel curves. The regression results in this study confirm these patterns. At lower spending levels, unit increases in total spending increase the food budget share, while at levels above the spending thresholds unit increases in total spending reduce the food budget share. We POLICY BRIEF Identification and Estimation of Quadratic Food Engel Curves: Evidence from Cameroon Ebenezer Lemven Wirba October 2023 / No.809 2 Policy Brief No.809 also find evidence of major shifts in the quadratic food Engel curves over time. These findings suggest that reducing taxes on food items would be more beneficial to poor households.
The Devil is in the Details: On the Robust Determinants of Development Aid in G5 Sahel Countries
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Bayale, Nimonka; Kouassi, Brigitte Kanga
This paper introduces model uncertainty into the empirical study on the determinants of development aid at the regional level. This is done by adopting a panel Bayesian model averaging approach applied to the data of G5 Sahel countries, spanning the period 1980–2018. Our results suggest that, among the regressors considered, those reflecting terrorist attacks, trade stakes including military expenditure, socio-economic prospects and institutional conditions tend to receive high posterior inclusion probabilities. The study explores the relationship between these regressors and foreign aid by employing the fully POLICY BRIEF The Devil is in the Details: On the Robust Determinants of Development Aid in G5 Sahel Countries Nimonka Bayale and Brigitte Kanga Kouassi October 2023 / No.810 2 Policy Brief No.810 modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), the continuously updated fully modified (CUP-FM), the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) long-run estimators, and the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality test. The results highlight three concerns that may justify aid flows towards G5 Sahel countries: (a) peace and security considerations, (b) the economic interest of donors, and (c) recipient economic needs. The paper recommends that Sahel countries should strengthen international cooperation for security and peace, in compliance with goal 16 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations (UN) and goal 13 of the African Union’s (AU) Agenda 2063.
Financial Openness and Remittances: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Effiong, Ekpeno L.; Asuquo, Emmanuel E.
Does financial openness matter for remittances? Are the effects of financial openness on remittance dependent on the levels of financial and institutional development? This paper investigates these questions using panel data for 31 sub-Saharan African countries over from 1990 to 2015 and using a dynamic panel system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique. The results show that financial openness, albeit having a declining effect, does not significantly influence the inflow of remittances into the region. In contrast, when conditioned on the levels of financial development and institutional quality, POLICY BRIEF Financial Openness and Remittances: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Ekpeno L. Effiong and Emmanuel E. Asuquo October 2023 / No.804 2 Policy Brief No.804 financial openness tends to significantly increase remittances. However, this effect declines with significant improvement in institutional quality and a well-developed financial sector. Thus, financial openness substitutes financial and institutional development in fostering remittances in the region.
The Impact of Armed Conflicts on Child Health in the Central African Republic
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Tchakounte, Dimitri; Loic, Molambo Sambi
For several decades, the Central African Republic has been the scene of a succession of coups which have been accompanied by armed conflicts in many prefectures of the country. However, children suffer high rates of acute malnutrition during these armed conflicts. This study aims to analyze the impact of the 2003-2008 and 2012-2014 armed conflicts on child health using data from the 2010 and 2018 Multiple Cluster Surveys of the Central African Republic. Our identification strategy relies on exploiting both temporal and spatial variation across birth and prefectures cohorts to measure child exposure to the conflicts. POLICY BRIEF The Impact of Armed Conflicts on Child Health in the Central African Republic Dimitri Tchakounte and Molambo Sambi Loic October 2023 / No.803 2 Policy Brief No.803 From the difference-in-difference estimation, we find that height-for-age Z-scores and weight-for-age Z-scores are respectively 0.518 and 0.242 standard deviations lower for children born during the war. We also examine the impact of the total duration of exposure to conflicts, and the results indicate that an additional month of exposure significantly reduces both height-for-age and weight-for-age z-scores. We further perform robustness analysis, and the findings suggest that effects are robust to considering the level of internally displaced person across prefectures and the level of household wealth. As economic losses appear to be the most relevant mechanism paired with the decline in child nutritional health in the CAR, interventions must promote agricultural empowerment of internal displaced persons, initiate cash transfers and employment programs aimed at rebuilding household assets in the absence of agricultural income. Moreover, rehabilitating basic social services, especially health infrastructures, can help alleviate the negative effects of conflicts on child health through the access to adequate health care during illness.
The FDI-Growth Nexus: A Comparative Analysis of Resource-Rich and Resource-Scarce African Economies
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Yimer, Addis
To capture the impact that cross-country resource endowment differences may have on the FDI‒growth relationship, this study investigates the FDI‒growth nexus in Africa by categorizing the countries as resource-rich and resource-scarce, for the period 2000‒2017. Thus, the study is a modest attempt to answer the following main questions: a) Does FDI inflows contribute to economic growth in the host country after controlling for endogeneity? b) Does being natural resource abundant/scarce country alter the FDI‒growth nexus? Using a System GMM, both the direct and interaction effects of FDI on growth are investigated in POLICY BRIEF The FDI-Growth Nexus: A Comparative Analysis of Resource-Rich and Resource-Scarce African Economies Addis Yimer October 2023 / No.788 2 Policy Brief No.788 a comparative framework across resource-rich and resource-scarce African countries. The results show that the effects of FDI on economic growth vary depending on resource richness of countries. While FDI is found to affect growth positively and significantly in resource-scarce African economies, no significant effect of FDI on growth is identified for the resource-rich category.
Technology Adoption and Access to Credit in Tanzania: A Spatial Econometric Analysis
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Okumu, Ibrahim Mike; Nathan, Sunday; Bbaale, Edward
This paper aims to analyze the relationship between technology adoption and access to credit by farmers in Tanzania, with particular focus on spatial spillover effects on technology adoption. We examine new technology diffusion by farmers through their peers and measure geographical proximity using farms’ GIS localization data. Using the 2012-2013 Tanzanian Household Survey and a spatial lag probit model, we find evidence that farmers’ access to finance leads to increased agricultural technology adoption, and that the spillover effect plays a role in this process. In addition, our results are robust over a 3-year period (i.e., POLICY BRIEF Technology Adoption and Access to Credit in Tanzania: A Spatial Econometric Analysis Ibrahim Mike Okumu, Sunday Nathan and Edward Bbaale October 2023 / No.800 2 Policy Brief No.800 2008-2009, 2010-2011, and 2012-2013). Finally, evidence of the existence of spillover effects in the adoption of agricultural technology suggests that interactions between farmers who are 'geographical neighbours' should be supported/exploited to achieve substantial efficiency and savings in new agricultural technology extension.
The Effect of Fertility on Women’s Labour Supply in West Africa
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Kponou, M. Kenneth C.
This study sought to identify and analyse the effect of childbirth on female labour supply, specifically that of married women with at least one young child under 6 years of age. The number of children is the result of a decision that turns out to be endogenous. To take this endogeneity into account, the study used twins as an instrument. Accordingly, we estimated an instrumented Probit model given that female labour supply is measured by two different binary variables. Based on Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from five countries (Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal), the study’s key findings are the POLICY BRIEF The Effect of Fertility on Women’s Labour Supply in West Africa M. Kenneth C. Kponou October 2023 / No.802 2 Policy Brief No.802 following: (i) the effect of fertility on female labour supply is not uniform across all the countries considered, and (ii) the relationship between fertility and female labour force participation is sensitive to the measure of participation used to measure it. Based on our findings, we make the following key recommendations: (i) put in place policies to encourage the transition of women from traditional jobs that are quite vulnerable to more formal jobs and (ii) implement corrective measures so that young children are no longer a penalty for women's access to formal jobs.
The Role of Mobile Money in International Remittances: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Kirui, Benard Kipyegon
Over the past decade, remittance flows to sub-Saharan Africa grew at an average of 12.9% and is expected to increase in the coming decade, however, the high cost of remittances remains a constraint that limits regular remittance flows. About 9.1 percent of remittance flows to sub-Saharan Africa is absorbed by transfer cost making it the most expensive remittance recipient region. With evidence that mobile money services reduce transaction costs for internal remittances, the introduction of mobile money services in international remittances should have the same effect. Against this backdrop, this study investigates the effect POLICY BRIEF The Role of Mobile Money in International Remittances: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Benard Kipyegon Kirui October 2023 / No.805 2 Policy Brief No.805 of introduction of mobile money services on international remittance transfer costs and determine the effect of international remittance transfer costs on international remittance flows. Least squares dummy variable model and a system GMM is applied to address the first and second objective, respectively. International remittance transfer cost is lower by 46% for corridors that incorporate mobile money in international money transfer channels compared to those that do not. Controlling for other factors, the gap between corridors that incorporate mobile money and those that do not goes down to 11.5%. Thus, a reduction in remittance transfer costs can be achieved by improving cross border mobile money services interoperability.
Political Instability and Firm Performance in the Democratic Republic of Congo
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Muhoza, Benjamin Kanze; Majune, Socrates Kraido
This study analyses the effect of political instability on firm performance in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), one of the most unstable countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We use pooled panel data for three waves of the World Bank Enterprise Survey of the DRC (2006, 2010, and 2013) to analyse the effect of political instability on five measures of performance: employee growth, sales growth, productivity, investment, and export status. Results from the endogenous switching model reveal that political instability adversely affects firm performance in the DRC. In the presence of political instability, employee POLICY BRIEF Political Instability and Firm Performance in the Democratic Republic of Congo Benjamin Kanze Muhoza and Socrates Kraido Majune October 2023 / No.786 2 Policy Brief No.786 growth, sales growth, productivity, and investment growth significantly decline. Conversely, firms that do not experience political instability grow in terms of employee growth, sales growth, productivity, investment, and exporting activities. Our results are robust when we proxy political instability with losses due to theft, robbery, and vandalism. For purposes of policy, we recommend that political stability should be enhanced through political goodwill and legislation that advocates for peace. Firms can also push for this agenda through their business associations and platforms such as public-private partnerships that link them to the government.
Socio-Economic Status and Children’s Schooling Outcomes in Mozambique
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Bongai, Munguni
This study investigates the association between socio-economic factors and children’s schooling outcomes (school access as proxied by ever enrolled, dropping out and staying in school-current enrolled or still in school) for children in Mozambique using the probit model. The results show that there is not much difference between factors that affect access and those that affect dropping out or staying in school once enrolled. Children from the poorest families, with less educated parents, from the north region, who live far away from a water source and are not the biological children of the household POLICY BRIEF Socio-Economic Status and Children’s Schooling Outcomes in Mozambique Munguni Bongai October 2023 / No.789 2 Policy Brief No.789 head were found to be most disadvantaged in all the three schooling outcomes compared to their counterparts with educated parents, from wealthy families and with water at home. The rural–urban divide, availability of electricity and land or livestock at home had no significant correlation with children schooling outcomes. This study therefore argues that policy makers must implement policies that improve the socio-economic backgrounds of children, by dealing with the demand side factors particularly enhancing adult literacy programmes, providing water sources close to households, encouraging pre-primary education centres and improving the general welfare of households where children live. In a nutshell, results showed that demand side factors were strong factors that hinder children’s schooling and have to be prioritized in drafting and implementing of education policies.
Spatial Analysis of Climate Effect on Agriculture: Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Côte d’Ivoire
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Ochou, Fabrice Esse; Ouattara, Pierre Dignakouho
Climate change has been affecting the agriculture sector over the past few decades. This impact could have serious consequences for farmers in developing countries. This paper applies the spatial approach to assess the response of agricultural net revenue to climate change in Côte d’Ivoire. It first uses a simple static comparative approach, to show that market imperfection induces spatial heterogeneity in agricultural product prices and hence spatial autocorrelation. Taking these findings as a point of departure, empirical analysis uses a Spatial Durbin Error Model based on 2016 World Bank Smallholder Household Survey POLICY BRIEF Spatial Analysis of Climate Effect on Agriculture: Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Côte d’Ivoire Fabrice Esse Ochou and Pierre Dignakouho Ouattara October 2023 / No.785 2 Policy Brief No.785 Data from Côte d’Ivoire. Results reveal that rainfall has a non-linear direct effect and positive linear spillover effects on agricultural net revenue. In addition, the paper shows that the total marginal effect of rainfall is positive in the central, eastern and northern regions of the country and negative in the coastal and western regions. Moreover, predictions indicate that a decrease in average precipitation of between 5% and 10% leads in general to a decrease in the average net agricultural income from about 0.45% to 1.38% while an increase in the same ranges leads to a decrease in the average net agricultural income from about 0.02% to 0.05%
Symmetric and Asymmetric Responses of Consumer Prices Index Inflation to Exchange Rates in Nigeria
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Eregha, Perekunah B.
The question whether domestic prices respond to either official exchange rate or parallel exchange rate movements is a key research issue, especially in an oil-dependent developing country such as Nigeria that has rising fiscal pressures and a vibrant parallel foreign exchange market. From the monetary authority perspective, it is also imperative to know if prices respond symmetrically and/or asymmetrically to both official and parallel exchange rate movements. Consequently, this study examines the response of domestic prices to both official and parallel exchange rate movements for the period POLICY BRIEF Symmetric and Asymmetric Responses of Consumer Prices Index Inflation to Exchange Rates in Nigeria Perekunah B. Eregha October 2023 / No.801 2 Policy Brief No.801 1995Q1–2019Q1 using Shin et. al’s (2014) non-linear ARDL approach. The results show that the magnitude of the effect of parallel exchange rates on domestic prices is more than that of the official exchange rate’s effect in a symmetric case. However, only domestic prices respond differently to the depreciation and appreciation of the official exchange rate in Nigeria. Consequently, the government needs to ensure some level of fiscal austerity, and possibly exchange rate unification when the premium grows too big, if the intention is to insulate domestic prices from fiscal pressures. Also, the Central Bank of Nigeria needs to be aware of a possible asymmetric relationship in their decisions to ensure price stability so that it does not distort monetary policy effects.
Gender and Firm Performance in Africa: Does the Business Environment Play a Moderating Role?
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Okumu, Ibrahim Mike; Nathan, Sunday; Bbaale, Edward
This paper examines the moderating role of the business environment in the relationship between the gender of the top manager and firm performance (measured as sales per employee), and whether female-managed firms perform better the higher the proportion of female employees in the firm. The paper uses World Bank Enterprise Survey data of 14,561 firms from 29 African countries collected between 2010 and 2016. The descriptive analysis reveals significant variation in the performance and experience of business environment constraints that disadvantage female-managed firms. Controlling for potential endogeneity POLICY BRIEF Gender and Firm Performance in Africa: Does the Business Environment Play a Moderating Role? Ibrahim Mike Okumu, Sunday Nathan and Edward Bbaale October 2023 / No.799 2 Policy Brief No.799 and country fixed effects, we show that female-managed firms are associated with lower performance compared to male-managed firms. Electricity outages, informal competition, and corruption account for the performance gap between female and male-managed firms. However, we show that large female-managed firms perform better than male-managed large firms. Overall, the results imply that strengthening Africa’s business environment is central to closing the performance gap between male and female managers.
The Impact of Agricultural Public Expenditure on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Alabi, Reuben Adeolu; Abu, Godwin Anjeinu
This study analyzes the impact of agricultural public expenditure on agricultural productivity in Nigeria. The relevant time series data for the study were obtained from secondary sources. The data ranged from 1981 to 2014. An instrumental variable two-stage least squares (IV-2SLS) econometric model was employed to investigate the endogeneity of public agricultural expenditure, and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric technique was used to determine the long and short-term effects of public agricultural expenditure on agricultural productivity. The study shows that 20% of agricultural public budgets POLICY BRIEF The Impact of Agricultural Public Expenditure on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria Reuben Adeolu Alabi and Godwin Anjeinu Abu October 2023 / No.790 2 Policy Brief No.790 were not implemented in Nigeria. On average, agricultural public capital expenditure comprised 55% of total agricultural public expenditure in Nigeria, which is lower than the recommended 60% for effective agricultural sector performance. The study also reveals that while public agricultural capital expenditure and agricultural public total expenditure are strong determinants of agricultural productivity, agricultural public recurrent expenditure maintains a weak relationship with agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Finally, the study demonstrates that agricultural public spending on irrigation has the highest impact on agricultural productivity, while agricultural public spending on subsidies has the least impact on agricultural productivity. Among other recommendations, it is suggested that the agricultural public expenditure pattern should be realigned to favour investments in irrigation, research and development, and rural development, which currently attract lower budgetary allocations in Nigerian agricultural budgets.
How Does Adoption of Mobile Money Technology Affect Child Labour and School Enrolment?
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Massacky, Joseph B. Ajefuand Falecia
This paper analyses the impact of adoption of mobile money services on child labour and educational outcomes in Tanzania using an instrumental variables strategy. We identify heterogenous impacts across child’s gender and age, and we find a positive and significant effect of mobile money adoption on educational outcomes, but the results reveal a negative and significant impact on child labour in the farm and households. Moreover, using mediation analysis, we identify remittances and education expenditure as the potential pathways through which mobile money adoption affects child labour and educational outcomes. POLICY BRIEF How Does Adoption of Mobile Money Technology Affect Child Labour and School Enrolment? Joseph B. Ajefuand Falecia Massacky October 2023 / No.806 2 Policy Brief No.806 Overall, the results suggest that policies that increase mobile money adoption can be effective in improving child educational outcomes and lead to a decline in the incidence of child labour
Facilitating Regional Trade: Lessons from WAEMU and EAC on How to Increase Trade in CEMAC
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2024-04-10) Bertrand, Nguenkwe Ronie
This study explores the ways of facilitation and enhancing intra- Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) trade, which has remained structurally weak over more than twenty years, by focusing on the East African Community and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The study uses a descriptive analysis of trade and the indicators of facilitation of trade in those three communities. An econometric analysis of factors underlying the level of trade in those three communities is conducted using an augmented gravity model. The econometric results demonstrate that the number of POLICY BRIEF Facilitating Regional Trade: Lessons from WAEMU and EAC on How to Increase Trade in CEMAC Nguenkwe Ronie Bertrand October 2023 / No.807 2 Policy Brief No.807 documents and the number of days required to export has a negative and significant impact on trade in EAC and WAEMU, but a positive impact in CEMAC. Infrastructure services, notably the use of the Internet have a negative impact on intra-zone trade in EAC

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